In vivo transfection in avians

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides for methods of producing transgenic avians which may include delivering a heterologous nucleic acid to oviduct tissue of an avian wherein the nucleic acid enters a cell of the oviduct tissue and is expressed.

The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/790,455 filed Mar. 1, 2004, now abandoned, thedisclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety hereinand claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/469,527, filed May 9, 2003, the disclosure of which is incorporatedby reference in its entirety herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of biotechnology, and morespecifically to the field of avian genome modification. Disclosed hereinare methods for the generation of genetically transformed avians.

BACKGROUND

The present invention is based, in part, on the discovery thattransgenic avians may be produced by in vivo transfection. Inparticular, the present invention provides methods for producingtransgenic avians by delivering nucleic acid (e.g., heterologous nucleicacid) to tissue, such as the oviduct tissue, of a live avian. Thepresent invention provides for, among other things, producing transgenicavians by in vivo electroporation of avian tissue and by applyingnucleic acid to avian tissue under pressure.

Transgenic technology to convert animals into “bioreactors” for theproduction of specific proteins or other substances of pharmaceuticalinterest (Gordon et al., 1987, Biotechnology 5: 1183-1187; Wilmut et al,1990, Theriogenology 33: 113-123) offers significant advantages overmore conventional methods of protein production by gene expression.Recombinant nucleic acid molecules have been engineered and incorporatedinto transgenic animals so that an expressed heterologous protein may bejoined to a protein or peptide that allows secretion of the transgenicexpression product into milk or urine, from which the protein may thenbe recovered. These procedures, however, may require lactating animals,with the attendant costs of maintaining individual animals or herds oflarge species, such as cows, sheep, or goats.

Historically, transgenic animals have been produced mostly bymicroinjection of the fertilized egg. The pronuclei of fertilized eggsare microinjected in vitro with heterologous DNA or hybrid DNAmolecules. The microinjected fertilized eggs are then transferred to thegenital tract of a pseudopregnant female (e.g., Krimpenfort et al., U.S.Pat. No. 5,175,384).

One system that holds potential is the avian reproductive system. Theproduction of an avian egg begins with formation of a large yolk in theovary of the hen. The unfertilized oocyte or ovum is positioned on topof the yolk sac. After ovulation, the ovum passes into the infundibulumof the oviduct where it is fertilized, if sperm are present, and thenmoves into the magnum of the oviduct which is lined with tubular glandcells. These cells secrete the egg-white proteins, including ovalbumin,lysozyme, ovomucoid, conalbumin and ovomucin, into the lumen of themagnum where they are deposited onto the avian embryo and yolk. The henoviduct offers outstanding potential as a protein bioreactor because ofthe high levels of protein production, the promise of proper folding andpost-translation modification of the target protein, the ease of productrecovery, and the shorter developmental period of chickens compared toother potential animal species.

Various techniques have been used in efforts to create transgenicchickens expressing heterologous proteins in the oviduct.

Bosselman et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,215 describes a method forintroducing a replication-defective retroviral vector into a pluripotentstem cell of an unincubated chick embryo, and further describes chickenswhose cells express a heterologous vector nucleic acid sequence. Suchretroviral vectors have significant limitations, for example, onlyrelatively small fragments of nucleic acid can be inserted into thevectors precluding, in most instances, the use of large portions of theregulatory regions or introns of a genomic locus which can be useful inobtaining significant levels of heterologous protein expression.Additionally, retroviral vectors may be inappropriate for generatingtransgenics for the production of pharmaceuticals due to safety andregulatory issues.

In addition, previously described methods of producing transgenic aviansmay not always allow for the targeting of nucleic acid of interest tothe desired tissue in the avian, for example, the oviduct tissue.Further, many techniques currently available for producing a transgenicchicken require the time necessary for a chicken to develop from ablastoderm to egg laying maturity.

What is needed are methods of introducing large segments of nucleic acidinto avian cells and methods for the targeting nucleic acid to specifictissue in the avian for example, the oviduct tissue. Further, what isneeded are methods of producing transgenic avians for which a prolongedtime necessary to achieve egg-laying maturity is not required.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to methods of producing transgenic aviansand to transgenic avians and their eggs. Provided for are methods ofintroducing large nucleic acid segments, for example, large DNA segmentspresent on plasmids, into avians, for example, avians of egg bearingage. Furthermore, the present invention provides for the specifictargeting of certain tissue within avians, for example, specifictargeting of the oviduct tissue.

In one aspect of the present invention, there are provided methods ofproducing transgenic avians which include locally delivering nucleicacid (e.g., heterologous nucleic acids) to certain tissue of avians, forexample, to the oviduct tissue of avians. In this aspect of theinvention, the nucleic acid enters a cell of the oviduct tissue (e.g.,tubular gland cell) and is expressed. In a particularly usefulembodiment, the nucleic acid integrates into the genome of the cell toproduce a transgene.

In one aspect of the invention, the nucleic acid is delivered underpressure to oviduct tissue (e.g., oviduct tissue cells) of the avian. Inone embodiment, the pressure is hydrostatic pressure. In anotherembodiment, the pressure is provided by injection of a solutioncomprising the nucleic acid into a blood vessel. For example, theinjection may be an intravenous injection or may be an intraarterialinjection. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid is delivered to the lumenof the oviduct of the avian.

In one aspect of the invention, nucleic acid is delivered to oviducttissue (e.g., oviduct tissue cells) by electroporation, for example, invivo electroporation. Procedures for electroporation are well known inthe art and may be accomplished by standard techniques known topractitioners of ordinary skill.

The present invention may be employed for the transfection of any egglaying animal. The invention is particularly useful for the transfectionof avians including, but not limited to, chicken, quail, turkey, duck,goose, pheasants, parrots, finches, hawks, crows and ratites includingostrich, emu or cassowary. In one useful embodiment, the avians areprepubertal hens or mature hens.

In accordance with the present invention, the nucleic acid to betransfected into the avian may be in a solution, for example, aphysiologically acceptable solution. In one embodiment, the nucleic acidis DNA. For example, the nucleic acid may be circular DNA molecules. Thenucleic acid may be a vector. In one embodiment, the vector is anexpression construct.

In one embodiment of the invention, the nucleic acid comprises an attBsite. Typically, in the embodiment of the invention where the nucleicacid comprises an attB site, integrase is delivered to the cell of theoviduct tissue before, during or after the transfection. In oneembodiment, the integrase is encoded on a nucleic acid which iscotransfected with the nucleic acid of interest.

In a particularly useful aspect of the present invention, a polypeptideencoded by a coding sequence of the nucleic acid is present in egg whiteof eggs laid by transgenic avians produced according to methodsdisclosed herein. In one useful embodiment, the polypeptide is apharmaceutical composition. In one embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is a light chain or a heavy chain of an antibody, forexample a human antibody. In another embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is a cytokine, for example, interferon.

Any combination of features described herein are included within thescope of the present invention provided that the features included inany such combination are not mutually inconsistent. Such combinationswill be apparent based on this specification and on the knowledge of oneof ordinary skill in the art.

Definitions

For convenience, definitions of certain terms employed in thespecification, examples, and appended claims are collected here.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singularforms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural references unless the contentclearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a nucleicacid” includes a mixture of two or more nucleic acids.

The term “avian” as used herein refers to any species, subspecies orrace of organism of the taxonomic class ava, such as, but not limited tochicken, turkey, duck, goose, quail, pheasants, parrots, finches, hawks,crows and ratites including ostrich, emu and cassowary. The termincludes the various known strains of Gallus gallus, or chickens, (forexample, White Leghorn, Brown Leghorn, Barred-Rock, Sussex, NewHampshire, Rhode Island, Australorp, Minorca, Amrox, California Gray),as well as strains of turkeys, pheasants, quails, duck, ostriches andother poultry commonly bred in commercial quantities. It also includesan individual avian organism in all stages of development, includingembryonic and fetal stages. The term “avian” also may denote “pertainingto a bird”, such as “an avian (bird) cell.”

The term “nucleic acid” as used herein includes any natural or syntheticlinear and sequential array (e.g., polymer) of nucleotides ornucleosides, for example cDNA, genomic DNA, MRNA, tRNA,oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and derivatives thereof. For ease ofdiscussion, such nucleic acids may be collectively referred to herein as“constructs,” “plasmids,” or “vectors.” The term “nucleic acid” furtherincludes modified or derivatized nucleotides and nucleosides such as,but not limited to, halogenated nucleotides such as, but not only,5-bromouracil, and derivatized nucleotides such as biotin-labelednucleotides.

The terms “polynucleotide,” “oligonucleotide,” and “nucleic acidsequence” may be used interchangeably herein and include, but are notlimited to, coding sequences (polynucleotide(s) or nucleic acidsequence(s) which are transcribed and translated into polypeptide invitro or in vivo when placed under the control of appropriate regulatoryor control sequences); control sequences (e.g., translational start andstop codons, promoter sequences, ribosome binding sites, polyadenylationsignals, transcription factor binding sites, transcription terminationsequences, upstream and downstream regulatory domains, enhancers,silencers, and the like); and regulatory sequences (DNA sequences towhich a transcription factor(s) binds and alters the activity of agene's promoter either positively (induction) or negatively(repression)). No limitation as to length or to synthetic origin aresuggested by the terms described above.

As used herein the terms “peptide,” “polypeptide” and “protein” refer toa polymer of amino acids in a serial array, linked through peptidebonds. A “peptide” typically is a polymer of at least two to about 30amino acids linked in a serial array by peptide bonds. The term“polypeptide” includes proteins, protein fragments, protein analogues,oligopeptides and the like. The term “polypeptides” contemplatespolypeptides as defined above that are encoded by nucleic acids,produced through recombinant technology (isolated from an appropriatesource such as a bird), or synthesized. The term “polypeptides” furthercontemplates polypeptides as defined above that include chemicallymodified amino acids or amino acids covalently or noncovalently linkedto labeling moieties.

A “pharmaceutical” or a “pharmaceutical composition” is any compositionwhich may be useful as a therapeutic, alone or in combination with oneor more other substances.

The terms “recombinant nucleic acid” and “recombinant DNA” as usedherein refer to combinations of at least two nucleic acid sequences thatare not naturally found in a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell. The nucleicacid sequences may include, but are not limited to, nucleic acidvectors, gene expression regulatory elements, origins of replication,suitable gene sequences that when expressed confer antibioticresistance, protein-encoding sequences and the like. The term“recombinant polypeptide” is meant to include a polypeptide produced byrecombinant DNA techniques. A recombinant polypeptide may be distinctfrom a naturally occurring polypeptide either in its location, purity orstructure.

The term “gene” or “genes” as used herein refers to nucleic acidsequences that encode genetic information for the synthesis of a wholeRNA, a whole protein, or any portion of such whole RNA or whole protein.Genes that are not naturally part of a particular organism's genome arereferred to as “foreign genes,” “heterologous genes” or “exogenousgenes” and genes that are naturally a part of a particular organism'sgenome are referred to as “endogenous genes”. The term “gene product”refers to an RNA or protein that is encoded by the gene. “Endogenousgene products” are RNAs or proteins encoded by endogenous genes.“Heterologous gene products” are RNAs or proteins encoded by “foreign,heterologous or exogenous genes” and are, therefore, not naturallyexpressed in the cell.

The term “expressed” or “expression” as used herein refers to thetranscription from a gene to give an RNA nucleic acid molecule at leastcomplementary in part to a region of one of the two nucleic acid strandsof the gene which is expressed. The term “expressed” or “expression” asused herein may also include the translation from an RNA molecule togive a protein, a polypeptide or a portion thereof.

The term “promoter” as used herein refers to the DNA sequence thatdetermines the site of transcription initiation by an RNA polymerase.

The term “coding region” as used herein refers to a continuous lineararrangement of nucleotides which may be translated into a polypeptide. Afull length coding region is translated into a full length protein; thatis, a complete protein as would be translated in its natural stateabsent any post-translational modifications. A full length coding regionmay also include any leader protein sequence or any other region of theprotein that may be excised naturally from the translated protein.

The terms “vector” or “nucleic acid vector” as used herein refer to anatural or synthetic single or double stranded plasmid or viral nucleicacid molecule (RNA or DNA) that can be transfected or transformed intocells and replicate independently of, or within, the host cell genome.The term “expression vector” as used herein refers to a nucleic acidvector that comprises a transcription regulatory region operably linkedto a site wherein is, or can be, inserted, a nucleotide sequence to betranscribed and, optionally, to be expressed, for instance, but notlimited to, a sequence coding at least one polypeptide.

The term “transfection” as used herein refers to the process ofinserting a nucleic acid into a host cell.

The terms “recombinant cell” and “genetically transformed cell” refer toa cell comprising a combination of nucleic acid segments not found in asingle cell with each other in nature. A new combination of nucleic acidsegments can be introduced into an organism using a wide array ofnucleic acid manipulation techniques available to those skilled in theart. The recombinant cell may harbor a vector that is extragenomic, i.e,that does not covalently insert into the cellular genome, including anon-nuclear (e.g., mitochondrial) genome(s). A recombinant cell mayfurther harbor a vector or a portion thereof that is intragenomic, i.e.,covalently incorporated within the genome of the recombinant cell.

As used herein, a “transgenic avian” is any avian, as defined above,including the chicken and quail, in which one or more of the cells ofthe avian contain heterologous nucleic acid introduced by manipulation,such as by transgenic techniques. A recombinant DNA molecule may beintegrated within a chromosome, or it may be extrachromosomallyreplicating DNA.

The terms “chimeric animal” or “mosaic animal” are used herein to referto animals in which the recombinant gene is found, or in which therecombinant is expressed, in some but not all cells of the animal. Theterm “tissue-specific chimeric animal” indicates that the recombinantgene is present or expressed in some tissues but not others.

As used herein, the term “transgene” means a nucleic acid sequence thatis partly or entirely heterologous, i.e., foreign, to the transgenicanimal or cell into which it is introduced, or, is homologous to anendogenous gene of the transgenic animal or cell into which it isintroduced, but which is designed to be inserted, or is inserted, intothe animal's genome in such a way as to alter the genome of the cellinto which it is inserted (e.g., it is inserted at a location whichdiffers from that of the natural gene or its insertion results in aknockout).

The term “cytokine” as used herein refers to any secreted polypeptidethat affects a function of cells and modulates an interaction betweencells in the immune, inflammatory or hematopoietic response. A cytokineincludes, but is not limited to, monokines and lymphokines. Examples ofcytokines include, but are not limited to, interferon α2b, Interleukin-1(IL-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Tumor NecrosisFactor-α(TNF-α) and Tumor Necrosis Factor β(TNF-β).

The term “antibody” as used herein refers to polyclonal and monoclonalantibodies and fragments thereof, and immunologic binding equivalentsthereof. Antibodies may include, but are not limited to polyclonalantibodies, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), humanized or chimericantibodies, single chain antibodies, FAb fragments, F(Ab′)₂ fragments,fragments produced by a FAb expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id)antibodies, and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above.

The term “immunoglobulin polypeptide” as used herein refers to aconstituent polypeptide of an antibody or a polypeptide derivedtherefrom. An “immunological polypeptide” may be, but is not limited to,an immunological heavy or light chain and may include a variable region,a diversity region, joining region and a constant region or anycombination, variant or truncated form thereof. The term “immunologicalpolypeptides” further includes single-chain antibodies comprised of, butnot limited to, an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region, animmunoglobulin light chain variable region and optionally a peptidelinker.

A “nucleic acid”, a “nucleic acid of interest” or a “nucleic acidfragment of interest” may be a trait-producing sequence, by which it ismeant a sequence conferring a non-native trait upon the cell in whichthe protein encoded by the trait-producing sequence is expressed. Theterm “non-native” when used in the context of a trait-producing sequencemeans that the trait produced is different than one would find in anunmodified organism which can mean that the organism produces relativelyhigh amounts of a natural substance in comparison to an unmodifiedorganism, or produces a non-natural substance. For example, the genomeof a bird could be modified to produce proteins not normally produced inbirds such as, for instance, human or mouse antibodies, human cytokines,etc. Other useful traits include disease resistance, meat flavor, animalsize, and the like.

A nucleic acid or nucleic acid fragment of interest may additionally bea “marker nucleic acid” or expressed as a “marker polypeptide”. Markergenes encode proteins that can be easily detected in transformed cellsand are, therefore, useful in the study of those cells. Examples ofsuitable marker genes include β-galactosidase, green or yellowfluorescent proteins, enhanced green fluorescent protein,chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, luciferase, and the like. Suchregions may also include those 5′ noncoding sequences involved withinitiation of transcription and translation, such as the enhancer, TATAbox, capping sequence, CAAT sequence, and the like.

The term “transformed” as used herein refers to a heritable alterationin a cell resulting from the uptake of nucleic acid, for example,heterologous DNA.

Techniques useful for isolating and characterizing the nucleic acids andproteins of the present invention are well known to those of skill inthe art and standard molecular biology and biochemical manuals may beconsulted to select suitable protocols without undue experimentation.See, for example, Sambrook et al, 1989, “Molecular Cloning: A LaboratoryManual”, 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor, the content of which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations which may be used in the present specification include thefollowing: aa which means amino acid(s); bp which means base pair(s); cmwhich means centimeter(s); G which means gauge, h which means hours; kbwhich means kilobase; IU which means infectious units; mg which meansmilligram; ug which means microgram; psi which means pound per squareinch; sec which means seconds; V which means volts; and msec which meansmilliseconds.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is based, in part, on the discovery thattransgenic avians may be produced by in vivo transfection. Inparticular, the present invention provides methods for producingtransgenic avians by delivering nucleic acid (e.g., heterologous nucleicacid) to tissue, such as the oviduct tissue, of a live avian. Forexample, transgenic avians may be produced by in vivo electroporation ofavian tissue. In another example, in vivo transfection may beaccomplished by applying nucleic acid to avian tissue under pressurethereby transfecting the tissue. Though the present invention isparticularly useful for accomplishing in vivo transfection, methodsdisclosed herein are also useful to effect or facilitate virustransduction of avian tissue.

Avian tissue which may be transfected according to the present inventionincludes, without limitation, oviduct tissue. For example, tissue thatmay be transfected according to the present methods include, withoutlimitation, the magnum, the ovaries, the infundibulum, and the isthmus.

The present methods may be used for the in vivo introduction of nucleicacid (e.g., heterologous nucleic acid) in any avian or any animalcapable of laying an egg including, but not limited to, chicken, quail,duck, turkey, goose, pheasants, parrots, finches, hawks, crows andratites including ostrich, emu and cassowary. In one aspect of theinvention, the present methods are believed to be very useful for the invivo introduction of nucleic acid into chicken, quail and duck. In oneembodiment, the present methods are particularly useful for the in vivointroduction of nucleic acid into chicken.

In one embodiment of the present invention, nucleic acid enters cells ofthe avian, for example, cells comprising oviduct tissue. Typically, thenucleic acid is expressed in the recipient cells to produce aheterologous polypeptide. In one embodiment, an expressed heterologouspolypeptide is deposited in egg white produced in the avians. In thiscase, without wishing to limit the invention to any theory or mechanismof operation, it is believed that upon transfection, the nucleic acidenters cells of the oviduct (e.g., tubular gland cells) and mayincorporate into the genome of the cells. Subsequently, a coding regionof the nucleic acid is expressed to produce a recombinant protein whichis excreted into the lumen of the oviduct along with egg white proteinsexcreted from oviduct cells (e.g., tubular gland cells).

In vivo transfection of avian tissue may be performed on adult avians oron immature avians. In one embodiment, an immature avian is subject tosteroid hormone treatment prior to in vivo transfection. An immatureavian can be classified as an avian from hatchling to seventeen weeks ofage. The steroid treatment may include administration of a hormone, orcombination of hormones, which provide for a transiently increasedproliferation of cells in the magnum of the immature avian. Hormonesthat may be administered include, without limitation, estrogen,progesterone, testosterone and related hormones. In one embodiment,estrogen is administered to the immature avian. In another embodiment,estrogen is administered to the immature avian in conjunction withprogesterone or testosterone. Estrogen can be in any useful form. Forexample, estrogen may be in the form of estrone, estradiol ordiethylstilbestrol (DES). Doses can be any useful amount. For example, auseful does range for DES is about 0.1 mg per kilogram of body weight toabout 10 mg per kilogram of body weight once per day. The hormone may beadministered, for example, injected, with any useful adjuvant such asvegetable oil. Further useful aspects of hormone induction in immatureavians are readily apparent and well known to those skilled in the art.

In one useful embodiment, transfection is accomplished by the deliveryof nucleic acid to tissue of an avian wherein the nucleic acid is underpressure. Typically, although not exclusively, the delivery of thenucleic acid to tissue by pressure is accomplished with the nucleic acidin a solution. In one embodiment, the solution is applied to the tissuewith pressure exerted between the solution and the tissue. That is, anapplication of force is present between the solution and the tissue. Thepressure may be any useful amount of positive pressure. The pressure maybe in a range of about 0.001 psi to 200 psi, for example, in a range ofabout 0.05 psi to about 40 psi (e.g., about 0.1 psi to about 15 psi).

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid solution is applied to the tissueunder hydrostatic or hydrodynamic pressure. For example, nucleic acid insolution may be applied to avian tissue, for example oviduct tissue(e.g, tissue of the magnum), wherein pressure is exerted from the weightof the solution. In another embodiment, the pressure may be provided byan instrument such as a syringe or any other such useful device.

In one embodiment of the present invention, transfection of an avian isaccomplished by delivering a nucleic acid (e.g., heterologous nucleicacid) solution to avian tissue through a blood vessel. For example,nucleic acid may be delivered through an artery or a vein supplyingblood to avian tissue, for example, oviduct tissue. In a particularlyuseful embodiment, the nucleic acid solution is provided to the tissuethrough the blood vessel under pressure.

For the methods of in vivo avian transfection disclosed herein, thetissue to be transfected may be surgically exposed, for example, removedwholly or in part from the avian, prior to the transfection. However,exposing or removing the tissue prior to transfection is not required.In a case where exposure of the tissue to be transfected is desired, theavian may be prepared for surgery by methods known in the field aviansurgery. After preparation, an incision may be made in the bird in thevicinity of the tissue to be transfected. In the case of transfectingoviduct tissue, a vertical incision may be made in the skin of the avianon the left side of the abdominal cavity beginning at the junction ofthe sternal rib to the breastbone and running parallel to thebreastbone. In this case, the muscle layer directly below the skinincision may be cut following the incision line made in the skin. Thefat layer may be pulled away from the site of the incision, for example,pulled away toward the bird's left side. The peritoneal membrane may beincised exposing the reproductive tract. At this point, the reproductivetract may be eternalized. Preferably, if externalized, the reproductivetract is handled in a gentle manner. In one useful embodiment, the firstor second loop of the magnum is stabilized by techniques known in thefield of avian surgery and a catheter is slowly introduced into one ormore oviductal arteries such as the anterior oviductal, inferior,superior and middle uterine artery and the artery is gently occluded. Inone embodiment the artery is occluded above and below the catheter site.In another embodiment, the artery is occluded on the side of thecatheter distal to the oviduct tissue.

Typically, a nucleic acid solution is injected into the blood vessel ina manner which results in an application of positive pressure betweenthe nucleic acid solution and the tissue to be transfected. The presentinvention contemplates the employment of any useful amount of pressure.For example, the pressure may range from an amount which slightlydistends the tissue exposed to the pressure to an amount of pressureless than that required to rupture the tissue. Any mechanical deviceuseful for such injection may be employed in the present invention. Forexample a syringe, may be used. Other methods for introduction of thenucleic acid solution into a blood vessel, for example, an artery in amanner which applies positive pressure to the tissue which the nucleicacid solution comes in contact with are contemplated, such as the use ofhydrostatic or hydrodynamic pressure. In one embodiment, where the bloodvessel is occluded above and below the site of catheter insertion, theocclusion proximal to the tissue to be transfected (e.g., oviducttissue) may be removed resulting in a large and rapid flow of nucleicacid solution to the tissue to be transfected.

A period of time after exposure of the tissue to be transfected to thenucleic acid solution, the blood vessel is unblocked. The period of timebetween injection and unblocking of the blood vessel may range fromabout one second to about 24 hours. For example, the period of time maybe in a range of about one minute to about one hour. In one embodiment,the period of time between injection and unblocking of the blood vesselis about two minutes to about 6 minutes, for example, about threeminutes.

The oviduct may be returned to the abdominal cavity and the fat layerpositioned to cover the reproductive tract. Both the muscle and skinincisions may be closed utilizing simple continuous interlockingstitches. After surgery, the hen may be allowed to recover with freeaccess to both feed and water.

Transfection may be performed by applying the nucleic acid to oviducttissue inside the lumen of the oviduct. This may be achieved by anyuseful technique. In one embodiment, oviduct tissue is exposedsurgically as described above. After exposure of the oviduct, a loop ofthe magnum, for example, the first loop of the magnum, is stabilized andthe oviduct is occluded above and below the site where a hollow needle,such as a 20 gauge needle, is introduced into the loop of the magnum. Anucleic acid solution is injected into the lumen through the needleuntil expansion of the lumen is detected. A period of time after theinjection the occlusions are removed. The period of time betweeninjection and removal of the occlusions may range from about one secondto about 24 hours. For example, the period of time may be in a range ofabout one minute to about one hour. In one embodiment, the period oftime between removal of the occlusions is about two minutes to about 6minutes, for example, about three minutes.

The application of the nucleic acid solution to avian tissue by force orpressure may be accomplished by any useful technique. For example, thenucleic acid solution may be propelled onto the tissue in the form of amist, or a stream or in a spray.

It is not required that the nucleic acid be in solution when beingdelivered to avian tissue in accordance with the present invention. Forexample, the nucleic acid may be in a substantially dry form such as aprecipitate which is delivered to the avian tissue (e.g., oviducttissue) by force. For example, the nucleic acid may be delivered toavian tissue by a gene gun. In such a case the nucleic acid may beassociated with a carrier, for example microspheres.

In vivo transfection of avian tissue (e.g., oviduct tissue) may beaccomplished by in vivo electroporation. In one embodiment, the aviantissue (e.g., oviduct tissue) to be electroporated is exposed surgicallyprior to electroporation. In one embodiment, after exposure of theoviduct, a loop of the magnum, for example, the first loop of themagnum, is stabilized and the oviduct is occluded above and below thesite where a 20 gauge needle is introduced into the loop of the magnum.A nucleic acid solution may be injected into the lumen through theneedle. In one embodiment, a volume of nucleic acid solution sufficientto distend the lumen is injected into the lumen. In another embodiment,a volume of nucleic acid solution sufficient to substantially fill thelumen is injected into the lumen; however, filling of the lumen, orsubstantial filling of the lumen, with the nucleic acid solution may notbe required for the present electroporation methods. An electricalcurrent can be applied to the occluded area of the magnum which holdsthe injected nucleic acid. Any voltage useful for electroporating aviantissue may be used. For example, the voltage may range from about 10 Vto about 10,000, for example, about 20 V to about 600 V. In oneparticularly useful embodiment, the voltage ranges from about 100 V toabout 250 V. The current may be applied to the tissue for any usefulamount of time. For example, the current may be applied for a period oftime in a range of about 0.001 msec to about 1 h. For example, thecurrent may be applied for about 0.01 msec to about 1 sec (e.g., about0.1 msec to about 0.5 sec). In one particularly useful embodiment thecurrent is applied for about 10 to about 20 msec. The current may beadministered any number of useful times. In one embodiment, the currentis administered between 1 and about 1,000,000 times per site ofadministration. For example, the current may be administered between 1and about 100,000 times (e.g., 1 to about 1000 times) per site ofadministration. In one particularly useful embodiment, the current isadministered between 1 and about 100 times per site of administration,for example between 4 and 24 times per site of administration.

The nucleic acid may be, for example, and without limitation, a plasmidor construct that incorporates a region capable of expressing a proteinor selected polypeptide in a recipient cell. The nucleic acid maycomprise elements that regulate or are necessary for the transcriptionor translation of nucleic acid (e.g., heterologous nucleic acid) in thetransfected tissue of the avian. The nucleic acid may be in aphysiologically acceptable solution and may further comprise agents tofacilitate the uptake of the nucleic acid by the recipient cells of theoviduct such as, but not limited to, polyanionic substances such as PEI,lipofectin, liposomes and the like.

Any useful concentration of nucleic acid may be used in the presentmethods. For example, the nucleic acid may be present in the solution ina range of about 1 ug per ml to an amount where the solution issaturated with the nucleic acid. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid ispresent in solution in a range of about 10 ug per ml to about 10 mg perml, for example, about 0.1 mg per ml to about 2 mg per ml.

The nucleic acid solution may include salts such as sodium chloride at auseful concentration, buffers such as a phosphate buffer at a usefulconcentration or sugars such as glucose at a useful concentration. Anyuseful volume of nucleic acid solution may be used in accordance withthe present methods. In one embodiment, a useful volume is about 0.05 mlto about 200 ml. For example, a useful volume may be about 0.5 ml toabout 50 ml (e.g., about 1 ml to about 20 ml).

Any tissue of an avian may be transfected using the present methods asis obvious to a practitioner of ordinary skill in the field. Forexample, testicular tissue or oviduct tissue may be transfected bymethods of the present invention. The nucleic acid transfected into theavian tissue (e.g., oviduct tissue) may include a nucleotide regionwhich encodes a useful biological product such as, a pharmaceuticalcomposition.

The present invention can be useful for the production of manybiological molecules such as hormones including cytokines (i.e.,secreted polypeptides that affect a function of cells and modulates aninteraction between cells in an immune, inflammatory or hematopoieticresponse) antibodies and other useful pharmaceutical molecules whichinclude polypeptides. Cytokines includes, but are not limited to,monokines and lymphokines. Examples of cytokines include, but are notlimited to, interferon α2b, Interleukin-1 (IL-1), Interleukin-6 (IL-6),Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α(TNF-α) and Tumor NecrosisFactor β(TNF-β), antibodies such as polyclonal and monoclonal antibodiesand fragments thereof, and immunologic binding equivalents thereof.Antibodies may include, but are not limited to polyclonal antibodies,monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), humanized or chimeric antibodies, singlechain antibodies, FAb fragments, F(Ab′)₂ fragments, fragments producedby a FAb expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, andepitope-binding fragments thereof. The methods of the present inventioncan also be useful for producing immunoglobulin polypeptides which areconstituent polypeptides of an antibody or a polypeptide derivedtherefrom. An “immunological polypeptide” may be, but is not limited to,an immunological heavy or light chain and may include a variable region,a diversity region, joining region and a constant region or anycombination, variant or truncated form thereof. Immunologicalpolypeptides also include single-chain antibodies comprised of, but notlimited to, an immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region, animmunoglobulin light chain variable region and optionally a peptidelinker.

Certain specific examples of pharmaceutical compositions which arecontemplated for production as disclosed herein include, with outlimitation, Factor VIII (e.g., Recombinate®, Bioclate®, Kogenate®,Helixate® (Centeon), B-domain deleted Factor VIII (e.g., ReFacto®),Factor VIIa (e.g., NovoSeven®), Factor IX (e.g., Benefix®),anticoagulant; recombinant hirudin (e.g., Revasc®, Refludan®) Alteplase,tPA (e.g., Activase®), Reteplase, tPA, tPA-3 of 5 domains deleted,Ecokinase®, Retavase®, Rapilysin®, insulin (e.g., Humulin®, Novolin®,Insuman®) insulin lispro (e.g., Humalog®), Bio Lysprol, Liprolog®),insulin Aspart, iNovoRapid®, insulin glargine, long-acting insulinanalog (e.g., Lantus®), rhGH (e.g., Protropin®, Humatrope®, Nutropin®,BioTropin®, Genotropin®, Norditropin®, Saizen®, Serostim®), glucagons(e.g., Glucagen®), TSH (e.g., Thyrogen®, Gonal F®, Puregon®),follitropin-beta FSH (e.g., Follistim®), EPO (e.g., Epogen®, Procrit®,Neorecormon®), GM-CSF (e.g., Leukine®, Neupogen®), PDGH (e.g.,Regranex®), IFN alpa2a (e.g., Roferon A®), INF-apha (e.g., Infergen®),IFN alpa2b (e.g., Intron A®, Alfatronol®, Virtron®), ribavirin &INF-alpha 2b (e.g., Robetron®) INF-beta 1b, differs from h protein byC17 to S (e.g., Betaferon®), IFN-beta 1a (e.g., Avonex®, Rebif®),IFN-gamma1b (e.g., Actimmune®), IL-2 (e.g., Proleukin®) rIL-11 (e.g.,Neumega®), rHBsAg (e.g., Recombivax®), Combination vaccine containingHBsAgn as one component (e.g., Comvax®, Tritarix®, Twinrix®, Primavax®,Procomax®), OspA, a lipoprotein found on the surface of B burgoeri(e.g., Lymerix®), murine MAb directed against t-lymphocyte antigen CD3(e.g., Orthoclone OKT3®), murine MAb directed against TAG-72,tumor-associated glycoprotein (e.g., OncoScint CR/OV®), FAb fragmentsderived from chimeric MAb, directed against platelet surface receptorGPII(b)/III(a) (e.g., ReoPro®), murine MAb fragment directed againsttumor-associated antigen CA125 (e.g., Indimacis®), murine MAb fragmentdirected against human carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA (e.g., CEA-scan®),murine MAb fragment directed against human cardiac myosin (e.g.,MyoScint®), murine MAb fragment directed against tumor surface antigenPSMA (e.g., ProstaScint®), murine MAb fragments (FAb/FAb2 mix) directedagainst HMW-MAA (e.g., Tacnemab®), murine MAb fragment (FAb) directedagainst carcinoma-associated antigen (e.g., Verluma®), MAb fragments(FAb) directed against NCA 90, a surface granulocyte nonspecific crossreacting antigen (e.g., LeukoScan®), chimeric MAb directed against CD20antigen found on surface of B lymphocytes (e.g., Rituxan®), humanizedMAb directed against the alpha chain of the IL2 receptor (e.g.,Zenapax®), chimeric MAb directed against the alpha chain of the IL2receptor (e.g., Simulect®), chimeric MAb directed against TNF-alpha(e.g., Remicade®), humanized MAb directed against an epitope on thesurface of respiratory synctial virus (e.g., Synagis®), humanized MAbdirected against HER 2, i.e., human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(e.g., Herceptin®), human MAb directed against cytokeratintumor-associated antigen (e.g., Humaspect®), anti-CTLA4, chimeric MAbdirected against CD 20 surface antigen of B lymphocytes (e.g.,Mabthera®), domase-alpha DNAse (e.g., Pulmozyme®), betaglucocerebrosidase (e.g., Cerezyme®), TNF-alpha (e.g., Beromun®),IL-2-diptheria toxin fusion protein that targets cells displaying asurface IL-2 receptor (e.g., Ontak®), TNFR-lgG fragment fusion protein(e.g., Enbrel®), Laronidase, Recombinant DNA enzyme, (e.g.,Aldurazyme®), Alefacept, Amevive®, Darbepoetin alfa (Colony stimulatingfactor) (e.g., Aranesp®), Tositumomab and iodine 1 131 tositumomab,murine MAb, Bexxar®, Alemtuzumab, Campath®, Rasburicase, Elitek®),Agalsidase beta, Fabrazyme®, FluMist®, Teriparatide, Parathyroid hormonederivative (e.g., Forteo®), Enfuvirtide Fuzeon®, Adalimumab (lgG1)(e.g., Humira®), Anakinra, Biological modifier (e.g., Kineret®),nesiritide, Human B-type natriuretic peptide (hBNP) (e.g., Natrecor®),Pegfilgrastim, Colony stimulating factor (e.g., Neulasta®), ribavarinand peg Intron A (e.g., Rebetron®), Pegvisomant, PEGylated human growthhormone receptor antagonist, (e.g., Somavert®), recombinant activatedprotein C (e.g., Xigris®), Omalizumab, Immunoglobulin E (lgE) blocker(e.g., Xolair®) and lbritumomab tiuxetan (murine MAb) (e.g., Zevalin®).

The present invention contemplates the use of certain compositions andmethods disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/790,455, nowabandoned, and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/811,136, nowabandoned, the disclosures of which are incorporated in their entiretyherein by reference, for use in combination with the present methods.For example, and without limitation, integrase or nucleic acid whichencodes integrase may be used in combination with the present invention.In addition, other agents which facilitate transfection or chromosomeintegration disclosed in the patents and patent applicationsincorporated by reference herein may be used in combination with thepresent methods.

Certain gene expression controlling regions, such as promoters, may beincluded in nucleic acid which is transfected into avian tissue inaccordance with the present methods. Any useful gene expressioncontrolling region or coding region may be used in accordance with thepresent invention. Examples include, without limitation, those geneexpression controlling regions or coding regions disclosed in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/790,455, now abandoned, U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/811,136, now abandoned, U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/173,864, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,822 U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/654,293, now issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,049,480 U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/998,716, now issued U.S. Pat. No.6,875,588, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/099,663, now issued U.S.Pat. No. 7,135,562, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/733,042. Thedisclosures of each of these patent applications is incorporated hereinin their entirety by reference.

The methods of the invention are useful for expressing nucleic acidsequences that are optimized for expression in avian cells and whichencode desired polypeptides or derivatives and fragments thereof.Derivatives include, for instance, polypeptides with conservative aminoacid replacements, that is, those within a family of amino acids thatare related in their side chains. These families are commonly known asacidic, basic, nonpolar, and uncharged polar amino acid families.Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine are sometimes classified jointlyas aromatic amino acids and other groupings are known in the art (see,for example, “Biochemistry”, 2nd ed, L. Stryer, ed., W. H. Freeman &Co., 1981). Peptides in which more than one replacement is made canreadily be tested for activity in the same manner as derivatives with asingle replacement, using conventional polypeptide activity assays(e.g., for enzymatic or ligand binding activities).

If the nucleic acid molecules are transfected into a recipient chickencell, the sequence of a nucleic acid insert to be expressed can beoptimized for chicken codon usage. This may be determined from the codonusage of at least one, and preferably more than one, protein expressedin a chicken cell according to well known principles. For example, inthe chicken the codon usage could be determined from the nucleic acidsequences encoding the proteins such as lysozyme, ovalbumin, ovomucinand ovotransferrin of chicken. Optimization of the sequence for codonusage can elevate the level of translation in avian eggs.

The present invention further relates to methods for gene expression byavian cells from nucleic acid vectors, and transgenes derived therefrom,that include more than one polypeptide-encoding region wherein, forexample, a first polypeptide-encoding region can be operatively linkedto an avian promoter and a second polypeptide-encoding region isoperatively linked to an Internal Ribosome Entry Sequence (IRES). It iscontemplated that the first polypeptide-encoding region, the IRES andthe second polypeptide-encoding region of a recombinant DNA of thepresent invention may be arranged linearly, with the IRES operablypositioned immediately 5′ of the second polypeptide-encoding region.This nucleic acid construct, when inserted into the genome of an aviancell or a bird and expressed therein, will generate individualpolypeptides that may be post-translationally modified and combined inthe white of a hard shell bird egg. Alternatively, the expressedpolypeptides may be isolated from an avian egg and combined in vitro.

The invention, therefore, includes methods for producing multimericproteins including immunoglobulins, such as antibodies, and antigenbinding fragments thereof. Thus, in one embodiment of the presentinvention, the multimeric protein is an immunoglobulin, wherein thefirst and second heterologous polypeptides are immunoglobulin heavy andlight chains respectively. Illustrative examples of this and otheraspects of the present invention for the production of heterologousmultimeric polypeptides in avian cells are fully disclosed in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/877,374, and U.S. patent application Ser.No. 10/251,364, the disclosures of each of which is incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

Accordingly, the invention further provides immunoglobulin and othermultimeric proteins that have been produced by transgenic avians of theinvention.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples,which are provided by way of illustration and should not be construed aslimiting. The contents of all references, published patents and patentscited throughout the present application are hereby incorporated byreference in their entireties.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications, combinations, additions, deletions and variations can bemade in the present invention without departing from the scope or spiritof the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described aspart of one embodiment can be used in another embodiment to yield astill further embodiment. It is intended that the present inventioncovers such modifications, combinations, additions, deletions andvariations as come within the scope of the appended claims and theirequivalents.

EXAMPLE 1

Expression of Luciferase and Green Fluorescent Protein in TransgenicChickens Produced by In Vivo Transfection by Electroporation in thePresence of Integrase Encoding DNA

Plasmid DNA encoding luciferase, plasmid DNA encoding GFP, each alsoencoding an attB site, and plasmid DNA encoding φ C-31 integrase, thecoding sequence of each plasmid operably linked to a CMV promoter, wereprepared using a Qiagen endotoxin-free plasmid purification kit. Each ofthe plasmid preparations was suspended in 150 mM NaCl prior to use.

Five sexually mature hens (17-18 weeks) were prepared for surgery. Afteroviposition of an egg, each hen was anesthetized using isofluorane gas.The bird was placed in a supine position and feathers removed from theleft abdominal and leg area. The surgical area was scrubbed withbetadine and rinsed with 70% Alcohol. A surgical drape was placed overthe bird with the surgical field exposed. A 5-7 cm vertical incision wasmade in the skin on the left side of the abdominal cavity beginning atthe junction of the sternal rib to the breastbone and running parallelto the breastbone. The muscle layer directly below the skin incision wascut following the same lines as above. The fat layer was pulled leftwardand the thin peritoneal membrane was punctured. The reproductive tractwas located and gently externalized.

The first loop of the magnum was stabilized and the oviduct was gentlyoccluded about 2-3 cm above and below the site where a 20 gauge needlewas introduced into the loop. A solution comprising 100 ug/ml of plasmidencoding GFP, 400 ug/ml of plasmid encoding luciferase and 500 ug/ml ofplasmid DNA encoding φ C-31 integrase was injected into the lumenthrough the needle substantially filling the lumen.

Electrical current was applied directly to, and to areas surrounding,the injection site. The voltage ranged from 100 V to 250 V and wasapplied for 10 to 20 msec. The current was administered 4 to 24 timesper site.

The oviduct was returned to the abdominal cavity and the fat layer wasmanipulated so that it covered the entire reproductive tract. Both themuscle and skin incisions were closed utilizing simple continuousinterlocking stitches and the hens were allowed to recover with freeaccess to both feed and water. Two days later the hens were sacrificedand the electroporated tissue was examined for the presence of GFP orluciferase. Four of the five birds tested positive for luciferaseproduction in the tissue of the magnum and three of the five birdstested positive for GFP in the tissue of the magnum.

EXAMPLE 2

Expression of Human Interferon Alpha in Transgenic Chickens Produced byIn Vivo Transfection by Electroporation in the Presence of IntegraseEncoding DNA

Plasmid DNA which includes an attB site and encodes human interferonoperably linked to a CMV promoter and plasmid DNA encoding φ C-31integrase operably linked to a CMV promoter were prepared using a Qiagenendotoxin-free plasmid purification kit. Each plasmid DNA was suspendedin 150 mM NaCl prior to use.

Two prepubertal hens, age approximately 14 weeks, were moved from 12hours of light exposure per day to 18 hours of light exposure per daytwo days prior to the beginning of hormone induction. Hens were injectedwith 1.0 mg of diethylstilbestrol and 0.8 mg of progesterone each dayfor three days prior to electroporation, the day of electroporation andtwo days after the electroporation for a total of six days.

For each bird, the reproductive tract was surgically externalized asdescribed in Example 1. The magnum was stabilized and a 20 G needle wasintroduced into the lumen. A solution comprising 200 ug/ml of plasmidencoding human interferon and 500 ug/ml of plasmid DNA encoding φ C-31integrase was injected into the lumen through the needle until expansionof the lumen was detected. Electrical current was applied to 8-10 sitesper bird. Voltage ranged from 150 V to 200 V for 10-20 msec with 16-24pulses per site. The oviduct was returned to the abdominal cavity andthe incisions were closed as described in Example 1. The hens wereallowed to recover with free access to both feed and water. Afterhormone treatment was ceased, the birds were allowed to develop tosexual maturity.

Eggs were collected from the birds and the egg white was subjected toELISA analysis for interferon. Both birds produced eggs in which humaninterferon was detected.

EXAMPLE 3

Expression of Human Interferon Alpha in Transgenic Chickens Produced byIn Vivo Transfection by DNA Injection into an Artery

DNA preparation: Plasmid DNA encoding human interferon alpha operablylinked to either a CMV promoter or a 10 kilobase chicken ovomucoidpromoter was prepared using a Qiagen endotoxin-free plasmid purificationkit. 0.15 milligrams of each plasmid DNA was suspended in 2 ml of a 5%glucose solution.

Twenty eight adult chickens were transfected with DNA encoding humaninterferon alpha operably linked to a CMV promoter. Fourteen adultchickens were transfected with DNA encoding human interferon alphaoperably linked to 10 kb chicken ovomucoid promoter. For each bird thefollowing protocol was employed.

For each bird the reproductive tract was located and gently externalizedas described in Example 1. The first or second loop of the magnum wasstabilized and an oviductal artery such as the anterior oviductal,inferior, superior and middle uterine artery was located. A pediatriccatheter was slowly introduced into the artery and the artery was gentlyoccluded about 2-3 cm both below and above the catheter. The DNAsolution was slowly injected into the artery. A few minutes afterinjection the catheter was removed and the artery was unblocked. Theoviduct was returned to the abdominal cavity and the incisions wereclosed as described in Example 1. The hens were allowed to recover withfree access to both feed and water.

Egg white from eggs laid after oviduct injection were analyzed for thepresence of interferon by ELISA. Three of the twenty eight adultchickens transfected with plasmid DNA encoding human interferon alphaoperably linked to a CMV promoter laid eggs with interferon present inthe egg white. Six of the fourteen adult chickens transfected withplasmid DNA encoding human interferon alpha operably linked to a 10 kbchicken ovomucoid promoter laid eggs with interferon present in the eggwhite.

EXAMPLE 4

Expression of a Human Monoclonal Antibody in Transgenic ChickensProduced by In Vivo Transfection by Electroporation in the Presence ofIntegrase Encoding DNA

Plasmid DNA which includes an attB site and encoding a human monoclonalantibody operably linked to an ovomucoid promoter and plasmid DNAencoding φ C-31 integrase operably linked to a CMV promoter wereprepared using a Qiagen endotoxin-free plasmid purification kit. Eachplasmid DNA was suspended in 150 mM NaCl prior to use.

Three prepubertal hens, age approximately 14 weeks, were moved from 12hours of light exposure per day to 18 hours of light exposure per day 2days prior to the beginning of hormone induction. Hens were injectedwith 1 mg of diethylstilbestrol and 0.8 mg of progesterone each day forthree days prior to electroporation, the day of electroporation and twodays after the electroporation treatment for a total of six days.

For each bird, the reproductive tract was surgically externalized asdescribed in Example 1. The magnum was stabilized and a 20 G needle wasintroduced into the lumen. A solution comprising 200 ug/ml of plasmidencoding a human antibody and 500 ug/ml of plasmid DNA encoding φ C-31integrase was injected into the lumen through the needle until expansionof the lumen was detected. Electrical current was applied to 8-10 sitesper bird. Voltage ranged from 150 V to 200 V for 10-20 msec with 16-24pulses per site. The oviduct was returned to the abdominal cavity andthe incisions were closed as described in Example 1. The hens wereallowed to recover with free access to both feed and water. Afterhormone treatment was ceased, the birds were allowed to develop tosexual maturity.

One of the four hens did not lay eggs. Eggs were collected from theremaining birds and the egg white was subjected to ELISA analysis forthe human antibody. Antibody was detected in the egg white of two of thethree hens analyzed.

EXAMPLE 5

Expression of Human Interferon Alpha in Transgenic Chickens Produced byMature Lumen Injection

Plasmid DNA encoding human interferon alpha operably linked to a CMVpromoter was prepared using a Qiagen endotoxin-free plasmid purificationkit. The plasmid DNA was suspended in 150 mM NaCl prior to use.

The reproductive tract of two adult hens was surgically externalized asdescribed in Example 1. The magnum was stabilized and a 20 G needle wasintroduced into the lumen. A solution comprising 200 ug/ml of plasmidencoding human interferon alpha and in 5% PEI was injected into thelumen through the needle until expansion of the lumen was detected. Theoviduct was returned to the abdominal cavity and the incisions wereclosed as described in Example 1. The hens were allowed to recover withfree access to both feed and water

Eggs were collected from the birds and the egg white was subjected toELISA analysis for human interferon. Interferon was detected in the eggwhite of one of the two hens.

EXAMPLE 6

Expression of Human Interferon Alpha in Transgenic Chickens Produced byIn Vivo Transfection by Electroporation

Plasmid DNA encoding human interferon alpha operably linked to a CMVpromoter is prepared using a Qiagen endotoxin-free plasmid purificationkit. The DNA is suspended in 150 mM NaCI prior to use.

Twelve prepubertal hens, age approximately 14 weeks, are moved from 12hours of light exposure per day to 18 hours of light exposure per day 2days prior to the beginning of hormone induction. The hens are injectedwith 1 mg of diethylstilbestrol and 0.8 mg of progesterone each day forthree days prior to electroporation, the day of electroporation and twodays after the electroporation treatment for a total of six days.

For each bird, the reproductive tract is surgically externalized asdescribed in Example 1. The magnum is stabilized and a 20 G needle isintroduced into the lumen. 1 ml of a solution comprising 200 ug/ml ofplasmid encoding human interferon is injected into the lumen through theneedle. Electrical current is applied to 8-10 sites per bird. Voltageranges from 150 V to 200 V for 10-20 msec with 16-24 pulses per site.The oviduct is returned to the abdominal cavity and the incisions areclosed as described in Example 1. The hens are allowed to recover withfree access to both feed and water. After hormone treatment is ceased,the birds are allowed to develop to sexual maturity.

Eggs are collected from the birds and the egg white is subjected toELISA analysis for interferon. Eggs are produced in which interferon isdetected by three of the twelve birds in the study.

EXAMPLE 7

Expression of a Monoclonal Antibody Directed Against the Alpha Chain ofan IL-2 Receptor in Transgenic Chickens Produced by In VivoElectroporation

Plasmid DNA encoding a monoclonal antibody directed against the alphachain of the IL-2 receptor operably linked to an avian lysozyme promoteris prepared using a Qiagen endotoxin-free plasmid purification kit. TheDNA is suspended in 150 mM NaCl prior to use.

Eight prepubertal hens, age approximately 14 weeks, are moved from 12hours of light exposure per day to 18 hours of light exposure per day 2days prior to the beginning of hormone induction. The hens are injectedwith 1 mg of diethylstilbestrol and 0.8 mg of progesterone each day forthree days prior to electroporation, the day of electroporation and 2days after the electroporation treatment for a total of six days.

For each bird, the reproductive tract is surgically externalized asdescribed in Example 1. The magnum is stabilized and a 20 G needle isintroduced into the lumen. A solution comprising 200 ug/ml of plasmidencoding a monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha chain of theIL-2 receptor is injected into the lumen through the needle untilexpansion of the lumen is detected. Electrical current is applied to8-10 sites per bird. Voltage ranges from 150 V to 200 V for 10-20 msecwith 16-24 pulses per site. The oviduct is returned to the abdominalcavity and the incisions are closed as described in Example 1. The hensare allowed to recover with free access to both feed and water. Afterhormone treatment is ceased, the birds are allowed to develop to sexualmaturity.

Eggs are collected from the birds and the egg white is subjected toELISA analysis for monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha chainof the IL-2 receptor. Three of the eight birds produce eggs in which themonoclonal antibody is detected.

EXAMPLE 8

Expression of Human Erythropoietin in Transgenic Chickens Produced byMature Lumen Injection

Plasmid DNA encoding human EPO operably linked to an ovomucoid promoteris prepared using a Qiagen endotoxin-free plasmid purification kit. Eachplasmid DNA is suspended in 150 mM NaCl prior to use.

The reproductive tract of seven adult hens is surgically externalized asdescribed in Example 1. The magnum is stabilized and a 20 G needle isintroduced into the lumen. A solution comprising 200 ug/ml of plasmidencoding a human EPO is injected into the lumen through the needle untilexpansion of the lumen is detected. The oviduct is returned to theabdominal cavity and the incisions are closed as described in Example 1.The hens are allowed to recover with free access to both feed and water

Eggs are collected from the birds and the egg white is subjected toELISA analysis for human EPO. Eggs are produced by two of the sevenbirds in which EPO is detected.

EXAMPLE 9

Expression of a MAb Directed Against CD 20 Surface Antigen of BLymphocytes in Transgenic Chickens Produced by In Vivo Electroporation

Plasmid DNA encoding a MAb directed against CD 20 surface antigen of Blymphocytes operably linked to an avian lysozyme promoter is preparedusing a Qiagen endotoxin-free plasmid purification kit. The DNA issuspended in 150 mM NaCl prior to use.

Eight prepubertal hens, age approximately 14 weeks, are moved from 12hours of light exposure per day to 18 hours of light exposure per day 2days prior to the beginning of hormone induction. The hens are injectedwith 1 mg of diethylstilbestrol and 0.8 mg of progesterone each day forthree days prior to electroporation, the day of electroporation and 2days after the electroporation treatment for a total of six days.

For each bird, the reproductive tract is surgically externalized asdescribed in Example 1. The magnum is stabilized and a 20 G needle isintroduced into the lumen. A solution comprising 200 ug/ml of plasmidencoding a MAb directed against CD 20 surface antigen of B lymphocytesis injected into the lumen through the needle until expansion of thelumen is detected. Electrical current is applied to 8-10 sites per bird.Voltage ranges from 150 V to 200 V for 10-20 msec with 16-24 pulses persite. The oviduct is returned to the abdominal cavity and the incisionsare closed as described in Example 1. The hens are allowed to recoverwith free access to both feed and water. After hormone treatment isceased, the birds are allowed to develop to sexual maturity.

Eggs are collected from the birds and the egg white is subjected toELISA analysis for a MAb directed against CD 20 surface antigen of Blymphocytes. Three of the eight birds produce eggs in which themonoclonal antibody is detected.

EXAMPLE 10

Expression of a Monoclonal Antibody Directed Against TNF-Alpha inTransgenic Chickens Produced by In Vivo Electroporation

Plasmid DNA encoding a monoclonal antibody directed against TNF-alphaoperably linked to a CMV promoter is prepared using a Qiagenendotoxin-free plasmid purification kit. The DNA is suspended in 150 mMNaCl prior to use.

Eight prepubertal hens, age approximately 14 weeks, are moved from 12hours of light exposure per day to 18 hours of light exposure per day 2days prior to the beginning of hormone induction. The hens are injectedwith 1 mg of diethylstilbestrol and 0.8 mg of progesterone each day forthree days prior to electroporation, the day of electroporation and 2days after the electroporation treatment.

For each bird, the reproductive tract is surgically externalized asdescribed in Example 1. The magnum is stabilized and a 20 G needle isintroduced into the lumen. A solution comprising 200 ug/ml of plasmidencoding a monoclonal antibody directed against TNF-alpha is injectedinto the lumen though the needle until expansion of the lumen isdetected. Electrical current is applied to 8-10 sites per bird. Voltageranges from 150 V to 200 V for 10-20 msec with 16-24 pulses per site.The oviduct is returned to the abdominal cavity and the incisions areclosed as described in Example 1. The hens are allowed to recover withfree access to both feed and water. After hormone treatment is ceased,the birds are allowed to develop to sexual maturity.

Eggs are collected from the birds and the egg white is subjected toELISA analysis for antibodies directed against TNF-alpha. Eggs in whichthe human monoclonal antibody is detected are produced by two of theeight birds.

EXAMPLE 11

Expression of a Human CTLA4 Monoclonal Antibody in Transgenic QuailProduced by In Vivo Electroporation

Plasmid DNA encoding a human CTLA4 monoclonal antibody operably linkedto a CMV promoter is prepared using a Qiagen endotoxin-free plasmidpurification kit. The DNA is suspended in 150 mM NaCl prior to use.

Ten adult quail are prepared for surgery and the reproductive tract issurgically externalized essentially as described in Example 1. Themagnum is stabilized and a hollow needle is introduced into the lumen. Asolution comprising 200 ug/ml of plasmid encoding a human CTLA4 antibodyis injected into the lumen through the needle until expansion of thelumen is detected. Electrical current is applied to 8-10 sites per bird.Voltage ranges from 150 V to 200 V for 10-20 msec with 16-24 pulses persite. The oviduct is returned to the abdominal cavity and the incisionsare closed essentially as described in Example 1. The birds are allowedto recover with free access to both feed and water. After hormonetreatment is ceased, the birds are allowed to develop to sexualmaturity.

Eggs are collected from each of the birds and the egg white is subjectedto ELISA analysis for human CTLA4 antibody. Four of the ten birdsproduce eggs in which the monoclonal antibody is detected.

EXAMPLE 12

Expression of Human Erythropoietin in Transgenic Quail Produced byMature Lumen Injection

Plasmid DNA encoding human EPO operably linked to an ovomucoid promoteris prepared using a Qiagen endotoxin-free plasmid purification kit. Eachplasmid DNA is suspended in 150 mM NaCl prior to use.

The reproductive tract of 14 adult quail is surgically externalizedessentially as described in Example 1. The magnum is stabilized and ahollow needle is introduced into the lumen. A solution comprising 200ug/ml of plasmid encoding a human EPO is injected into the lumen throughthe needle until expansion of the lumen is detected. The oviduct isreturned to the abdominal cavity and the incisions are closed asdescribed in Example 1. The quail are allowed to recover with freeaccess to both feed and water

Eggs are collected from the quail and the egg white of each is subjectedto ELISA analysis for human EPO. Eggs are produced by three of thefourteen birds in which EPO is detected.

EXAMPLE 13

Expression of Human Interferon Alpha in Transgenic Ducks Produced by InVivo Transfection by Electroporation

Plasmid DNA encoding human interferon alpha is prepared using a Qiagenendotoxin-free plasmid purification kit. The DNA is suspended in 150 mMNaCl prior to use.

Sixteen prepubertal ducks are moved from 12 hours of light exposure perday to 18 hours of light exposure per day 2 days prior to the beginningof hormone induction. The ducks are injected with 1 mg ofdiethylstilbestrol and 0.8 mg of progesterone each day for three daysprior to electroporation, the day of electroporation and two days afterthe electroporation treatment for a total of six days.

For each bird, the reproductive tract is surgically externalizedessentially as described in Example 1. The magnum is stabilized and a 20G needle is introduced into the lumen. 1.0 ml of a solution comprising200 ug/ml of plasmid encoding human interferon is injected into thelumen through the needle. Electrical current is applied to 8-10 sitesper bird. Voltage ranges from 150 V to 200 V for 10-20 msec with 16-24pulses per site. The oviduct is returned to the abdominal cavity and theincisions are closed as described in Example 1. The ducks are allowed torecover with free access to both feed and water. After hormone treatmentis ceased, the birds are allowed to develop to sexual maturity.

Eggs are collected from the birds and the egg white is subjected toELISA analysis for Interferon. Eggs are produced in which the interferonis detected by four of the sixteen birds in the study.

EXAMPLE 14

Expression of Antibody Directed Against TNF-alpha in Transgenic DucksProduced by Mature Lumen Injection

Plasmid DNA encoding an antibody directed against TNF-alpha operablylinked to an ovomucoid promoter is prepared using a Qiagenendotoxin-free plasmid purification kit. Each plasmid DNA is suspendedin 150 mM NaCi prior to use.

The reproductive tract of eighteen adult ducks is surgicallyexternalized essentially as described in Example 1. The magnum isstabilized and a 20 G needle is introduced into the lumen. A solutioncomprising 200 ug/ml of plasmid encoding an antibody directed againstTNF-alpha is injected into the lumen through the needle until expansionof the lumen is detected. The oviduct is returned to the abdominalcavity and the incisions are closed as described in Example 1. The ducksare allowed to recover with free access to both feed and water.

Eggs are collected from the ducks and the egg white of each is subjectedto ELISA analysis for antibody directed against TNF-alpha. Eggs areproduced by three of the eighteen birds in which antibody is detected.

While this invention has been described with respect to various specificexamples and embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention isnot limited thereto and that it can be variously practiced with thescope of the following claims.

1. A method of producing a transgenic avian comprising delivering anucleic acid solution under pressure to oviduct tissue of an avian byinjecting the nucleic acid solution into an artery selected from thegroup consisting of anterior oviductal artery, inferior uterine artery,superior uterine artery, and middle uterine artery, wherein the nucleicacid enters a cell of the oviduct tissue and is expressed, therebyproducing a transgenic avian.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the avianis selected from the group consisting of chicken, quail, turkey, duck,goose, pheasants, parrots, finches, hawks, crows, ratites, ostrich, emuand cassowary.
 3. The meted of claim 1 wherein the avian is selectedfrom the group consisting of chicken, quail and duck.
 4. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the avian is a chicken.
 5. The method of claim 1 whereinthe pressure is hydrostatic pressure or hydrodynamic pressure.
 6. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the cell is a tubular gland cell.
 7. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the artery is occluded.
 8. The method of claim1 wherein the nucleic acid is DNA.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein thenucleic acid is a circular molecule.
 10. The method of claim 1 whereinan expression construct comprises the nucleic acid.
 11. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the nucleic acid comprises an attB site.
 12. The methodof claim 1 wherein DNA encoding integrase is delivered to the cell ofthe oviduct tissue.
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein a polypeptideencoded by a coding sequence of the nucleic acid is present in egg whiteproduced by the transgenic avian.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein thepolypeptide is a pharmaceutical.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein thepharmaceutical is a light chain or a heavy chain of an antibody.
 16. Themethod of claim 15 wherein the antibody is a human antibody.
 17. Themethod of claim 14 wherein the pharmaceutical is a cytokine.
 18. Themethod of claim 14 wherein the pharmaceutical is selected from the groupconsisting of erythropoietin and interferon.
 19. A method of producing atransgenic avian comprising delivering a nucleic acid solution underhydrostatic pressure to oviduct tissue of an avian by injecting thenucleic acid solution into an artery selected from the group consistingof anterior oviductal artery, inferior uterine artery, superior uterineartery, and middle uterine artery, wherein the nucleic acid enters acell of the oviduct tissue and is expressed, thereby producing atransgenic avian.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the avian isselected from the group consisting of chicken, quail, turkey, duck,goose, pheasants, parrots, finches, hawks, crows, ratites, ostrich, emuand cassowary.
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein the avian is selectedfrom the group consisting of chicken, quail and duck.
 22. The method ofclaim 19 wherein the avian is a chicken.
 23. The method of claim 19wherein the nucleic acid comprises an attB site.
 24. The method of claim19 wherein DNA encoding integrase is delivered to the cell of theoviduct tissue.
 25. The method of claim 19 wherein the cell is a tubulargland cell.
 26. The method of claim 19 wherein the nucleic acid is avector.
 27. The method of claim 19 wherein an expression constructcomprises the nucleic acid.
 28. The method of claim 19 wherein apolypeptide encoded by a coding sequence of the nucleic acid is presentin egg white produced by the transgenic avian.
 29. The method of claim28 wherein the polypeptide is a pharmaceutical.
 30. The method of claim29 wherein the pharmaceutical is a light chain or a heavy chain of anantibody.
 31. The method of claim 29 wherein the pharmaceutical is acytokine.
 32. The method of claim 19 wherein the artery is occluded.